Managing A Business Event Essay

Managing a business event can be one of the most exciting and challenging tasks that you will get the chance to participate in. It requires you to bring together many different skills and roles, and will give you the opportunity to multi-task, which is a challenge for even the most experienced business event organiser. Organising The first part of organising an event is finding the venue where the event is going to take place. The venue will set the scene for the type of event that is going to happen and will influence whether or not people want attend the event. It will also help to identify the costs that will be involved. Catering may also be an important aspect of organising an event. The type of catering may influence where you decide to hold an event. A three-course lunch is most likely to need a hotel with facilities whilst sandwich delivery may have less strict event location requirements. Planning the different elements of an event will require you to think about the timings of the event, what you need to order and when. It is important that facilities, such as a sound system or projector, be reserved or hired as soon as it is known they will be needed. You will learn in more detail about these aspects of the role in the section on planning an event. Setting up the programme The programme is the list of what is happening at the event and the order in which it is happening. It guides the organisation of the event and will be used by attendees. The programme’s quality and content will help to guide people’s interest as well as give them an outline of what is going to happen during the day. The programme will also give details of any special guests, speeches, entertainment, prize-giving or free gifts that might be part of the event. Sometimes a guest speaker may encourage more people to attend and this will need to be highlighted in the programme. There are a variety of different types of programme that may be used for an event. These may include programmes that have various activities that attendees can select from or programmes where everyone is following the same structure for the event. The length of time for the event will also influence the programme. All-day events need more time for people to travel to the event and for coffee and lunch breaks. Events that take place over a few days may require arrangements for accommodation including breakfast. Preparing and distributing supporting documents Most events require some form of hard copy or soft copy that can be distributed. For environmental and cost reasons, soft copies are often preferred. Sometimes documents may be supplied on a USB stick or in a free wallet or bag that is given out by the event organiser. Often promotional items include advertising material for the organiser to give them maximum publicity and raise awareness of the organisation. The main documents that might be needed for an event are listed in Table 18.2. A number of different documents may be needed to support an event. These may be more traditional paper documents or other methods that organisations are increasingly using such as websites with a secure username and password, email or social networking websites to distribute information about events. There are also a number of other documents that may be produced that are not given out to attendees. These are used by the organisation to monitor and track the progress of the event, for example, a risk assessment or a budget plan. Organisational procedures Organisations will usually have a set of procedures that they follow for events, and these procedures will change depending on the size of the organisation, the type of event that is taking place and who is involved. Current legal requirements There are a number of important legal requirements that need to be considered when organising an event. These include contractual, health and safety and age requirements. Most legal requirements are covered by a contractual agreement that will be agreed either verbally or in writing. The contract sets out the offer and prices for the individual elements of the event including: * venue * catering * insurance * advertising/promotion. Separate agreements can be made with outside suppliers and may include those used for booking a hotel venue or hiring equipment. The Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 ensures that the event organiser is supplied with goods and services as part of a contract; it also protects suppliers and customers. The Act sets out requirements for ticketing that protect both the event organiser and attendees, and also protects consumers from faulty equipment. There is more information about contracts, agreements and consumer protection in Unit 21. There are stringent health and safety requirements for events. Risk assessments will highlight any issues found whilst organising an event and help the organiser take steps to reduce the likelihood of anything untoward happening. More specific requirements for health and safety can be found later in this unit. Finally, any event that is organised needs to meet age requirements. For example, at a music event or festival, it must be ensured that young people are aged 18 or over if they are going to buy any alcohol or tobacco products that are on sale. Remember that any event must take place within the law and steps must be taken to avoid any problems. Limits of the role An event organiser must consider the levels of authority that come with the role. Knowing what you can and cannot do is very important. For example, at some events the event organiser may not have the authority to sign a contract for services or they may not have the authority to make the final decision as these decisions may ultimately be the duty of their line manager. An event organiser may also work with other individuals or groups who need to make decisions about the event, which means that any decisions have to be shared by the group rather than be taken by a single person. Time management The role of an event organiser involves multi-tasking which means that good time management is an important quality for the job. Good time management means that you focus on what is important and keep everything on track. The most common time management mistakes made are: * wasting time doing activities that are not relevant to the event, such as checking personal emails * waiting for someone else to do something before being able to progress on another aspect of the event * not being organised, e.g. spending time looking for paperwork or going over tasks that you have done before. Problem solving There are few events that do not have any problems at all. To help the event run smoothly the organiser will need to have already thought about what possible problems might occur and have made contingency plans. For example, if the event is to include computer presentations or DVDs the organiser may want to check the services provided at the venue and also take along their own lap top and projector as a back-up. Some problems cannot be anticipated; therefore quick thinking is necessary and good event organisers have this quality and are able to sort out solutions. Negotiating Negotiating skills are essential for any event organiser. Negotiating, unlike other types of communication, is not about making demands or threatening people, it is about trying to get to what is known as a ‘win win’ situation where both parties are happy with the outcome. It may be necessary to negotiate prices on contracts to try to get the best possible deal, which is particularly important if the event is being done on a budget. Negotiating may also be used to ask for something that is not usually possible, for example, a particular type of catering or entertainment that may be more difficult to provide than usual. Planning The main role of an event organiser is to ensure that everything goes to plan so that the event is a success. Planning does not just include the event itself, it also needs to take into account other events that are happening around the same time. Too many similar events happening in the same week may result in poor attendance at your event. The time of year will also influence the planning of an event. When planning an event, the organiser needs to think about the following. * Whether the event needs to be inside or outside. It is usually more appropriate to run outside events in the summer. * Whether the event is linked to a particular festival or tradition. If so, it will need to happen at the same time. * Whether the event depends on other factors such as supplies that are only available at certain times of year or are cheaper in a particular month to save costs.

Life Cycle of Tulips Essay

The life cycle of tulips start when the bulbs are planted from mid-September to mid-November and ends when the leaves fade and eventually wither away. The cup-shaped flowers are beautiful to look at and have an ability to make a glum person cheerful. This article gives an insight into the life cycle of tulips. Tulips were considered to be the flowers of God due to their beauty and perfection, by the Turks. Many of us believe tulips are native of Holland. Contrary to the belief, there is not a single species of tulip native to Holland. Tulips belong to Central and Western Asia and it were the nomadic tribes who brought the tulips to Turkey. Turkey was called the Ottoman Empire in olden days. It were the Turks who popularized this beautiful spring flower, tulip. In the late 16th century, a European ambassador visited the Turkish Ottoman Empire. He was fascinated by the tulip garden of the Sultan. As a token of friendship, the Sultan presented the ambassador with bulbs and seeds. Ambassador presented part of his gift to the Roman emperor Ferdinand I and the remaining seeds and bulbs were to Carolus Clusius, a botanist, employed by the Roman Emperor. This is how tulips came to Europe. Carolus Clusius introduced tulips in Holland when he was appointed as the professor of Botany at Leiden University. Then onwards, the Holland became the country associated with the colorful tulips. A Tulip is a beautiful, bright, cup-shaped flower with a smooth green stem, belonging to the family of liliaceous plants. Tulip means turban. Before dwelling on the life cycle of tulips you should know something about the climate condition of their homeland, Central and West Asia. The countries of Central and West Asia experience hot and dry summers and very cold winters. Many plants including tulips have developed special methods to survive the extreme climatic conditions by remaining dormant during the harsh winter and bloom during the spring and summer months. The tulips have underground storage organs called bulbs to survive the long months of winter. * First Stage in the Life Cycle of Tulips The life cycle of tulips is interesting. The tulip bulbs are planted from mid-September to mid-November. During this period the soil is moist. This fosters the growth of the bulb under the ground. In the first cycle of growth, the roots start growing from the bulb to form a strong root system. If you have planted the bulbs in the month of October, you can expect a strong root system by December. * Second Stage in the Life Cycle of Tulips When the snow-covered soil begins to thaw towards the end of winter, you can see a healthy green shoot coming out from a tulip bulb. By early or mid April, the tulips would start to bloom. The flowering season of tulips continue till the mid of May. During the flowering season the leaves of the tulips develop. * Third and the Final Stage of the Life Cycle of Tulips The foliage plays an important role in the life cycle of tulips. The leaves of the tulips should never be cut. The reason, is they are responsible for the process of photosynthesis. The food derived from the solar energy is stored in the form of carbohydrate in the bulbs. This food is required for the growth and the flowering process of tulip in the following year. Gradually, the leaves turn yellow and wither away. Now the tulip bulbs enter a state of dormancy after completing the yearly cycle. Tulips have been cultivated for nearly 500 years. There are several thousand hybrid varieties available today. Tulips are classified into 15 classes on the basis of season of bloom, parentage and various floral characteristics. There is a huge demand for tulips in the flower market around the globe.

Italian Unification

To what extent did foreign intervention impact the Italian unification movement? Italy, 1870. The unification movement of Italy has just been completed, the movement that could not have been successful without the efforts of Italy itself. Though foreign intervention was a minimal part of the unification, and at times even more of an obstacle than aide, without the militaristic action, internal economic and political change within Italy, the unification would not have been sparked, much less completed as successfully as it was.One of the important factors that contributed to the successful unification of Italy, was the decision to take militaristic action by joining wars and invading states that were crucial to the completion of the unification and would benefit Italy in the long run. By making the decision to join the Crimean war, and therefore aiding France and Great Britain, not only did Piedmont make a name for itself among all of Europe, gaining respect and fame, but the benefits for Italy in the long run were also known by Cavour, the leader of Piedmont at that time.Just by making the decision to aide France and Great Britain, it demonstrates how aware Piedmont was of the benefits of joining the war, and how the future Italy, and its unification would be impacted through it. Additionally, in the midst of the unification, it was the leaders of Italy that decided to invade the Papal States, to eventually complete the unification of Italy.This proves that the efforts of Italy itself completed the unification, because if the Papal States were not invaded, then Rome still would not have been part of Italy and the unification would have remained uncompleted. In addition to the militaristic action that was taken by Italy, the internal economic change that occurred within the nation also sparked the unification of Italy by furthering Piedmont, and eventually the rest of Italy’s image of a state in the process of modernizing.The textile industries, such as t he wool, silk and cotton industries were prime examples of Piedmonts economic industrialization. By industrializing the state, more citizens were happily employed, thereby creating a sense of unity among the people. Additionally, the construction of the railways advanced communication, and this economic development would eventually lead to benefits similar to those in Great Britain and in France.This development was again one instituted by Italy, and contributed greatly to the unification of Italy. Finally, under Cavour’s rule, trading treaties were signed with states such as France, Portugal, Britain and Belgium. Through these treaties, Italy was able to gain economic growth and support, resulting in import and export increases. Through these economic changes, the nation grew as a whole, and the citizens gained a greater sense of unity and recognition as a unified country from foreign states.And lastly, the political change that occurred under Cavour’s rule within Ita ly also shows the measures Italy took to complete a successful unification. A large part of the new political changes that were occurring in Italy stemmed from the new leaders that were instituting them. Mazzini, Garibaldi, Victor Emmanuel II and Cavour were all political figures that contributed to the unification of Italy, and without Mazzini’s motivation, Garibaldi’s military strength, Cavour’s brain or Victor Emmanuel II as King, the unification would not have been possible.Additionally, the statuto that was retained as a liberal constitution in Piedmont was an important factor in the unification, as it signifies the start of political freedom that began in Piedmont, and eventually spread throughout Italy. These ideas, which sparked the unification, could not have been put in place by any foreign nations. In conclusion, through the militaristic actions taken by Italy, in addition to the internal economic and political changes that occurred, it is clear that foreign intervention was not the cause of the successful unification movement that occurred in Italy.

Supply chain Technologies Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Supply chain Technologies - Case Study Example The U.K. high street fashion industry is a complex business with an estimated 44.5 billion in annual revenues (Barlow, 2006). It includes a wide range of enterprises in the apparel, footwear, home textiles, and accessories markets, full-price and discount retailers, and design source and selling companies. Some have their own manufacturing facilities whilst others outsource production but retain control over parts of the production process. Dominating the highly-competitive UK fashion market is Marks & Spencer, followed by discount fashion specialist brands such as Primark and TK Maxx, all competing with Burberry, Italy's Prada, Chloe (France), Hugo Boss (Germany), and Donna Karan (U.S.). Fashion and apparel manufacturing has almost disappeared in the U.K. due to cheap imports from China, which has likewise developed into a manufacturing base for the established global brands. U.K. manufacturing is focused on specialist fashion clothing and luxury products, mostly for wealthy customers in developed countries. The industry is marked by the integration of manufacturers and retailers, with the top three U.K. fashion retailers - M&S, Next, and Arcadia - remaining vertically integrated, producing and retailing their own brands. The other high street fashion brands prefer specialist retailers, outsourcing their production in different countries and sending the finished products to the U.K. The industry continues to be driven by retailers rather than manufacturers and marked by the growing polarisation between discounters and full-price retailers. The highly competitive nature of the business will continue to intensify. Full-price retailers need to capitalise on young consumer demand for distinctive designs, quality materials, and individual styles sold as "fast fashion" with items offered for a limited time before new styles are released (Doshi, 2006). The industry's operational requirements have changed in the last twenty years, since the time when high street fashion houses sourced most of their raw materials from U.K. textile manufacturers. These were then transformed by U.K. designers, most with their own production facilities, into wearable apparel or accessories for domestic and export sales. Under this traditional system, high street fashion houses competed on the basis of designs, quality brand image, and productivity and were able to command higher margins. However, with the rise of global production centres in Asia and Latin America, not only for textiles but also for finished high-quality apparel, most high street fashion houses are being squeezed towards the higher value-added design and brand marketing activities and feeling greater pressure to outsource production and improve operational management efficiencies. Aside from the growing power of consumers, price discounting pressures, and design copyright problems, the industry faces the following major operations management issues: 1) complexity of the supply chain; 2) speed to product launch and delivery; 3) managing the product mix; 4) inventory control maintenance; and 5) fast-changing technologies. Airlines The airline industry consists of a wide range of companies, from those with a single airplane carrying mail or cargo through full-service international airlines operating hundreds of airplanes of various types. These companies

Experience of descrimination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Experience of descrimination - Essay Example Despite moving across the Atlantic Ocean, my religion is part of who I am. I will not change my faith just to please other people. When I was living in Saudi Arabia, I was part of the majority religion. Because of this, I never felt like other people looking down on me or treated me any different. When I moved to the United States, I stood out from the majority of the population firstly because of my ethnicity, but also because of my religion. Overall, I felt that the majority of the American people were welcoming to me. However, I occasionally got some glares from Americans who felt threatening by my presence in their country. I could not single out any ethnicity in particular because there was a wide range of people with different colors of skin that were hostile towards me. One of the standout memories of being discriminated against occurred not long after I arrived on American soil. In fact, it is one of the earliest memories of my life in America. One day, when I was still young , I became very sick. My parents were so worried about my health that they decided to take me to the local hospital. By this stage, we had already arrived to America. As such, my parents’ language ability was still a little suspect. They tried to use hand signals and gestures to get their point across. We arrived to the hospital at the peak time of traffic—somewhere around 4 to 5 p.m.

Japanese Major Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Japanese Major - Personal Statement Example It is my steady belief that interest is the best teacher an individual can have. This is because everything in the world is exhibited on limitless levels and thousands of facets, and the floating out of an individual’s potential occurs from a minute point in the person. I love language not simply because it is essential for communication, but more because it carries significant beauty in it. The study of language seems meticulous and monotonous to many people, while to me it is a bottomless ocean of fun. I am a Taiwanese who studied in China international school, as an international student. I developed interest in languages at a young age. As a child, I spoke Mandarin, the only language that my parents understood. I later felt an inner drive to study other languages and attempt communication in them. My interest was further boosted later in life when a group of university students presented a play in our school. It was a lively play, which they acted in five different languag es. The students were young, intelligent, and highly vigorous, demonstrating inspiring communication skills and teaching expertise. Though we could not understand most of these languages, we enjoyed every bit of the presentation. I was, in particular, fascinated by their unique and original skills. I was later to think about it, and the old memory of studying different languages hit me. Other than my interest in languages, the play made me realize that education should be subjugated by advanced ideas, which should, in turn be supported by effectual teaching strategies. In my attempt to study other languages, I self-studied Japanese. Through this study, I was in a position to communicate with my grandparents. This is because they were educated by Japanese and became deeply influenced by the Japanese culture. Japanese was, therefore, the only language that they could communicate. I, therefore, in order to facilitate communication with them, had to learn some Japanese culture and langu age. Between my interest and passion, I was in a position to communicate in Japanese with much ease. It was this achievement that made me realize and appreciate the benefits of persistence. That was one of my achievements and I have grown to know that I can achieve anything as long as I have the interest. Later, I assisted my parents by translating Cantonese and English into Mandarin in their business. They were very grateful and, though I was young, felt very important. I have ever since, had a deep-seated interest in majoring in the Japanese Language. Due to my deep-seated interest in languages, I intend to major in Japanese. I am particularly attracted to the powerful vibrant intellectual, pedagogical resource, and the comprehensive curriculum in the university. Holding firmly to the Japanese culture, I decided to participate in extracurricular activities. As a result of this, I joined the Taiwanese student association and became a member of the Japanese culture club. I was chose n the vice-president of the Taiwanese student association a position which, though challenging, has equipped me with significant experience. I once organized a Halloween event with two other clubs, an event that really challenged my ability. There arose some conflicts between the clubs, and as the vice-president, my success stood in settling the conflicts and making the event a success. It was the success of this event that made most people develop note worthy

Fainel exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fainel exam - Essay Example It is a house built of wood and it stands out as a brow house ext to a wall made of stones. Textures and window is a painting in a natural setting. It is a window which is next to a garden something common in most homes. It is presented in a very natural way using ordinary colors to make the painting familiar to the viewer. Antiquities angel is a painting reflecting the face of an antiquity shop. The different forms of antiquities one can find in such shops such as drum gives the painting its identity. Conclusively, Elizabeth Ann has stated that her work shows fragmented reality. She is inspired by music, sound, pieces and bits of manmade and natural forms of nature. With the use of light, color, and shadow she forms her paintings to represent nature around her. Use of logic in a dream world makes her paintings unique and exceptional. Gathering images from the real world, and putting them together in creative ways has ensured that her work is relevant in the modern contemporary

Intelligence Collection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Intelligence Collection - Essay Example When done in literal collection, translators have to be relied on and for non-literal; the material collection has to rely on the processor or the exploiter’s judgment which is considered to be accurate. Sometimes customers may receive and act on raw literal collection and this is so because they can readily get hold of it any moment. There is an advantage here because these people are not trained analysts. What helps them see is the functional view where they realize they might be able to give input and give minimal challenge the collection material. Various complaints concerning the NRO claimed that the NRO was unwilling to donate funds in order to fund programs fully. Fitzgerald claimed and argued that the 1995 funding crisis results were lack of a margin and the certainty of some cost overruns that were presented to the NRO with a reality of having difficulties to fund selected programs fully. The other view was that the NRO had their lost budget autonomy. They argued that whenever a given program exceeded the funding limits, they were forced to go back to Congress and obtain permission that would see them move money from another program in the NRO in order to fix the

History of Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

History of Marketing - Essay Example At the end, it also gives brief biographical outlines of Henry Ford and Philip Kotler, the two great personalities who contributed to the development of the modern marketing thought. Marketing, its definition, meaning and scope. The establishment of a market economy in the 20th century has brought about dramatic changes in the social and economic structures and revolutionized the world economy (Bartels, 1976).1 Marketing is a combination of factors that have to be taken into consideration before taking up selling or promotional activities. Fred E. Clark (1922)2 defined marketing as the efforts that result in the transfer in the ownership of goods. Reciprocity and redistribution are the ideal and essential properties of good marketing, where marketing gives to the society more than takes from the society. The modern marketing thought evolved in the early 20th century and students of marketing were basically trained as economists. From 1900 to 1960, over 100 books related to general marketing were published with over 80 authors contributing to those works. By 1900 marketing managers realized that demand is the desire plus ability to purchase. Desire could be altered with help of advertising, sales promotion and salesmanship. With the increasing competition, cost became the principal determinant of price. Concepts like the elasticity of demand became the parameters of marketing in general. The first decade of 1900 saw the emergence of marketing thought with the realization of the distribution problems and planned collection of market information. Concepts were introduced into marketing from established disciplines like economics, psychology, sociology, and scientific management.In the second decade (1910-20), many basic marketing concepts were added to the commerce, trade and distribution topics. Ralph Starr Butler3 and Arch W. Shaw4 were the men instrumental in developing marketing concepts. According to Butler, marketing was the art of co-coordinating and planning of the complicated relations among the various factors in trade. Shaw (1912) distinguished three basic dynamic operations in business: production, distribution, and administration. From 1914 to 1917 Butler added many marketing concepts. From 1920 to 1930, built upon foundations laid in the first two decades, the Principles of Marketing were first presented in the book form by integrating scattered concepts and tentative generalizations. In his Marketing Methods and Policies,5 Paul D. Converse (1921) distinguished between middlemen's functions related to individual firms and middlemen's activities related to marketing in general. Fred E. Clark6 defined the market structure as built on two processes--transfer of title and transfer of goods; and middlemen included merchants, advertising agencies, banks and warehouses. Goods classes included products for personal, implements and machines used in production, and the machines needed to produce the equipment used in production. Marketing efficiency is judged from two viewpoints: from private angle--operating efficiency; and public view--social significance. The next ten years (1930-40) saw the revision and expansion

Magazine Content Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Magazine Content Analysis - Essay Example Some magazines target the minority while others target the majority. Indeed, we have minority-targeted magazine like the Black Enterprise magazine and mainstream-targeted magazines like BusinessWeek magazine. This paper presents a content analysis of minority and mainstream magazines. In doing so, the paper will explain how advertisement in minority-targeted magazines and mainstream-targeted magazine by establishing the similarities and differences there in. Ideally, advertising produces magazines that target diverse audience. A mainstream-targeted magazine refers to a magazine with a huge readership and demographic categories while minority-targeted magazine relates to a magazine with limited readership and few demographic categories. In the recent times, the number of minority-targeted magazines have been increasing subject to the appreciation, increase, and buying power of the minority. Indeed, advertisers have realized the potential in the minority and have since tailored different advertisements targeting their needs, perception, and potential. The frequency and quantity of minority-targeted magazines have led to an intrusive and consistent mode of advertising that the minority cannot afford to disregard. Some of the minority-targeted magazines include the Black Enterprise magazine, African American Golfers Digest, Black Collegian Magazine, and Black Men Magazine. With respect to the Black Enterprise magazine, we can establish that the magazine is more prominent in black neighborhoods. The magazine has a capacity to reach about 6 million people and hence the need to analyze the content of the adverts contained in the magazine. The content in Black Enterprise magazine seems to target Black Americans and their needs. Notably, the magazine contains adverts of cigarettes and alcoholic drinks that suit the social needs and purchasing power of the blacks. Most notable is the fact that adverts in the Black Enterprise magazine

Trade Unions in Bangladesh Essay Example for Free

Trade Unions in Bangladesh Essay Trade unions in bangladesh and its impact Presentation Transcript †¢ 1. TRADE UNIONS IN BANGLADESH AND ITS IMPACTSubmitted By:Md. Omar Faruq Chowdhury -045 12601 Submission Date: 28th November 2012 1 †¢ 2. Contentsa. Definitionb. Causes of organizing trade unionsc. Objectivesd. History of Trade Unionse. Limitationsf. Positive impactsg. Negative impacts:h. Present Scenarioi. Suggestionsj. Conclusion 2 †¢ 3. Definition-Trade Union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve commongoals such as protecting the integrity of its trade, achieving higher pay, increasing thenumber of employees an employer hires, and better working conditions. -An organized association of workers in a trade, group of trades, or profession, formed toprotect and further their rights and interests.-A group of employees in a particular sector, whose aim is to negotiate with employees overpay, job security, working hours, etc. using the collective power of the members.-The most common purpose of these associations or unions is maintaining or improvingthe conditions of their employment. 3 †¢ 4. Causes of organizing trade unions†¢ Provision of benefits to members: professional training, legal advice and representation for members is still an important benefit of trade union membership.†¢ Industrial action: Trade unions may enforce strikes or resistance to lockouts in furtherance of particular goals.†¢ Political activity: Trade unions may promote legislation favourable to the interests of their members or workers as a whole. To this end they may pursue campaigns, undertake lobbying, or financially support individual candidates or parties.†¢ Conditions of employment and any grievances – are settled through trade unions.†¢ Bargaining rights: Trade unions bargain and ensure the status, rights, wages and demands of workers of the modern world of industry.†¢ Contribution in economical growth: Trade unions are growing rapidly in an economy because of the expansion of business and economical growth. 4 †¢ 5. ObjectivesTrade unions are the only way to manage, compliant, and control the labor force. Lots of objectives arethere to organize trade unions.1. To defend or improve the wages and working conditions of workers and to bring about a change inthe economic order.2. To strengthen their (labor) bargaining power collectively to establish and achieve all their rights.3. To dully protect all other interest of the workers .And from the management’s point of view theobjectives as written:a. To reduce the number  of negotiation.b. To specify work rules, disagreements and grievances to give the better solution to workers claim.c. To establish the efficient communication between the employers and management to enforce the predictable standards.d. To enhance the overall organizational effectiveness workers can also be sometimes inspired to form and organize trade union. In fact, objectives of a trade union are not defined; rather these are changing according to the need of t he economy and overall industry. When these objectives are not settled then the rivals are started. 5 †¢ 6. History of Trade Unions-The British rulers introduced Trade Union Act, 1926. The main purpose of the Act was to provideregistration for trade unions and in certain respects. But the Act did not contain any provisionregarding strikes.-In 1929, the Trade Disputes Act put restrictions on strikes in public utility services and laidprovision for the establishment of tribunals to adjudicate upon the labor disputes.-In 1947, the Industrial Disputes Act placed the conciliation and adjudication machinery for thesettlement of industrial disputes on a permanent footing. 6 †¢ 7. History of Trade UnionsThe Pakistan Period (1947-71)-The East Pakistan Trade Unions Act, 1965 was enacted repealing the Trade Unions Act, 1926.-The Labor Disputes Act, 1965 was enacted.-Industrial Relations Ordinance, 1969 was enacted integrating the above two Acts.Bangladesh Period (1971-onwards)-Government of Bangladesh declared a labor policy in 1972. The right to strike and collectivebargaining in the nationalized industries was prohibited for six months by Presidential order no. 55 inMay 1972.-In 1973, the right to strike and lockout, as granted by IRO, 1969 was withdrawn.-In 1974 Act completely suspended the democratic rights of workers by prohibiting trade unionactivities such as strikes, lock-outs, collective bargaining.-The military regime of 1975 imposed restrictions on the rights of collective bargaining.-The Industrial Relations (Amendment) Ordinance, 1977 liberalized the Rights of Freedom ofAssociation-The Labor Policy of 1980 restored the right to freedom of association to a considerable extent-In 1982 the military regime banned trade union activities, strikes, and right of freedom of association. 7 †¢ 8. History of Trade Unions-Full trade union activities were restored by the democratic government in 1991.-In 2006, an updated, consolidated and unified version of labor laws was enacted.-During the Emergency in 2007 -2008 that lasted for 23 months, trade unions and  collective bargainingwere prohibited and the determination of collective bargaining agent could not be made. -However, full trade union activities were restored by the democratic government in 2009. 8 †¢ 9. LimitationsIn Bangladesh Trade Unions have a lot of unavoidable problems:1. Lack of consciousness: Trade union are not actually completely aware about employees legal rights and duties.2. Lack of Unity: In Bangladesh trade unions are separated for political influence.3. Lack of knowledge: The workers of Bangladesh don’t have enough knowledge about theirrights and duties.4. Political influence: In Bangladesh, trade unions work a part of political parties not as a freeright saving association.5. Division of trade union: Bangladesh is a country where every organization has more tradeunions in name only. The overall productivity got down. 9 †¢ 10. Positive impacts†¢ Trade union plays a major role in creating ideal working conditions.†¢ Trade union always helps management to create better policies for workers. †¢ Trade unions negotiate for the standard wage and benefits with the management.†¢ Trade union helps the management to increases the productivity as well as the profit.†¢ Political influence’s existence makes the trade union not to interfere in management decisions.†¢ Trade union is hugely helping the management to produce more and implementing management tactics. 10 †¢ 11. Negative impacts†¢ Trade Unions are creating a surplus of manpower but not of productivity.†¢ Trade union of Bangladesh bargains more than they understand because of the limitations of their knowledge. If don’t consult then they strike.†¢ Trade Unions have equal power of management then clashes are started.†¢ In companies labors are awarded for good work and threatened for bad work. But if it’s punished then trade union interfere and don’t let to happen the punishment. So it increases crime of the labors.†¢ Trade union leaders always tr y to save their interest first then the labor.†¢ For the power of politics trade union always dishonor the management. 11 †¢ 12. Present ScenarioCategories Total number of Number of unions Number of members unions/federations includedNational federation 32 1264 1,263,66Industrial federation 108 721 640,221Garments federation 15 80 50,14Basic union 5,242 2,069,61 12 †¢ 13. Suggestions†¢ Strengthening bilateral collective bargaining for solving problems quickly and effectively.†¢ Multiplicity of trade union creates the rivals in a union. So it must be reduced.†¢ Political involvement must be reduced.†¢ Organization  must support financially as trade unions support the worker.†¢ Training programs under trade union should be helpful to develop the skills of the workers.†¢ Trade union’s function should be increased and widened throughout the organization.†¢ Union leader must be given importance and encourage the members. †¢ If trust between workers and management increases, productivity increases.†¢ Management must help and guide trade unions to settle industrial clashes and crisis.†¢ Trade unions always should demand reasonable thing to the management. 13 †¢ 14. Conclusion-The industrial relation system is pre-dominantly confrontational in nature rather than cooperative inBangladesh.-Although in recent times the rate of unionization has increased in the RMG sector, trade union affiliationis low in Bangladesh compared to many other developing countries .-The promotion of independent trade unions and collective bargaining can contribute to political andsocial stability and consequently create more favorable climate for foreign investment.-Trade unions have an important role to play in settling disputes between workers and management overwages by way of collective bargaining.-All the developing countries trade unions were influenced politically, but they used politics to create abetter solution.-Bangladesh should also start practicing like Japanese trade union which has a single union for singleenterprise. There is no conflict, no unfair means and no strikes in productivity and the growth of theoverall economy.

Value of Common Sense Essay Example for Free

Value of Common Sense Essay Common sense, a mere adaptation on ones way of thinking and acting. It is described as the knowledge and judgment that most people already have or should have. Many people generalise certain acts as an inconsideration for common sense. In my short period of existence, I can certainly say that the practice of this concept can only be perceived as anything but common, more like rare or occasional. Common sense has no form of value that would allow it to contribute to your qualifications or even towards your online dating profile. One thing is certain, it has a long term effect on your quality of life and the safety of those around you. The lack of common sense should be considered a disease which i even suffer from at times. One of the symptoms I usually experience is excruciating pain. Let’s just say I was very sick, this past holidays. I went ice skating with friends and family and it wasn’t my first time. Once we had our skates on, we wandered like a group of penguins until we reached the ice. So we skated around and around which seemed like a continuous, unbroken cycle until i decided to do something unexpected. I glared down at my boot and noticed that a strap had come loose. I should mention that I was still moving and pretty fast too. leaned over and tried to clip it in place, a mission nobody else would pursue and i soon found out why. As i had fastened the strap, I felt my legs wobble uncontrollably. Before I knew it, I was swimming on ice. What i learned from that experience is that you should never grab a person as an attempt to pull yourself up from the ice. it will only become worse. If u dislike embarrassment and feelings of regret, the way I do. Then you should be able to detect the value of common sense as depicted in this story. Not all scenarios measure common sense with the same amount of importance. The outcome differs and in the next story, it has quite a lot of weight and consequences. I was with my uncle at a harbor, where we went to buy fish. We met this one guy who had a small stall and was selling fresh fish, he had just caught. We bought a few and thought that we should conversate to pass the time. The fisherman told us about himself and his job out on sea. I noticed that he had quite a large number of fish on sale. I then asked him how long it took him to catch them. He replied, ’oh, not too long, just a few hours†. While in amazement, my uncle said,’ why don’t you stay out longer, that way you can catch more fish? The fisherman explained that what he had caught was sufficient enough to support his family because he dedicated his existence to them. He said that he spent the rest of his time with his wife, children and friends. My uncle reflected before saying, â€Å"here’s what you should do, stay out longer so that you can catch more fish. Then you can sell the extra fish and use that money towards buying a bigger boat. Thereafter, you would three, even four boats until you possess a small fleet. Employ some workers and sell to larger businesses. The fisherman was stunned and mumbled out, â€Å"what about my family? I jumped in and said that they would have a better life, filled with opportunity and realistic dreams. We walked away in silence, leaving the man to contemplate deeply into the distance. In this story, the wealth in ones life, happiness of a family and self-accomplishment rest on common sense. Education brings about maturity and sophistication, but does not enforce your ability to display common sense. It is seen as a gift from birth which brings about simplicity and ease rather than unnecessary complication and discomfort. so just remember, if you do something stupid, you probably didn’t use your common sense.

Management In Retail Asda Information Technology Essay

Management In Retail Asda Information Technology Essay The wide spread growth of business which consists of several functionalities lead to the invention of Enterprise resource planning system with better customer management system.. Also the increased use of computers and internet has encouraged many organizations to do business online. Most of the businesses try to interact with their potential and existing customers through internet via opinions on blogs, online discussion forums, and consumer product review websites. Any organization with a close consumer base like the should think how to use web 2.0 applications to enhance the business. Especially the large retail companies with large customer base should use the latest technologies like web 2.0 to be competitive and to provide better customer service. Currently many large retail organizations like many large-scale supermarkets have managed to incorporate Enterprise resource planning in to their business. Further, the customer management plays a very critical role on the success of those businesses. The organizations, which are providing excellent customer service, have better competitive advantage over the others who do similar businesses. A brief introduction about Enterprise Resource Planning, Customer service management and Web 2.0 will help the readers to understand the research better. Firstly, ERP, which is an abbreviation for Enterprise Resource Planning, which is basically an integration of business management practices and modern technology. Information Technology (IT) is integrated with the other business processes such as Human resources, Finance etc in order to achieve the business objectives of the company. ERP consists of three most important components; Business Management Practices, Information Technology and Specific Business Objectives. Moreover, it is a huge software architecture, which helps to integrate information of the functional units of large businesses that are geographically scattered. . Customer management system aimed at improving the relationship between enterprises and customers. Many companies, to learn more about the customer needs and behaviors in order to build a strong relationship with them. This process also help those companies to gather information about customers, sales, marketing effectiveness, responsiveness and market trends which will help them to be competitive in their businesses. This dissertation will critically analyse the impact of Customer Relationship Management in ASDA and to analyse the ways in which it can be successfully used to gain competitive advantage. The answer is sought through a comprehensive analysis of the retail companies such as large supermarkets that uses Information Technology and engaged in Customer Relationship Management to improve their businesses. . Further, Expert opinions in regard to this subject, through interviews and questionnaires, will be sought from those companies to suggest new ways to enhance the business opportunities by mitigating the potential risk with the use of these systems. Problem definition Based on the research done on current IT field, I found that web 2.0 is very popular between everyone. And to relate it to more practical scenario, I decided to do a research on how this can be successfully put in to practice for the improvement of information sharing. Further, customer Management, which plays a key role in those companies and to find a better method to improve the customer Management through the information sharing with the new technology like web 2.0. Research questions The following research problems and questions can be used to analyze this problem to find an effective way to solve the problems. Main Question What are the important aspects of Customer Relationship Management in a retail outlet and how Information Technology can be used to enhance its functionality? (Enterprise resource planning systems and the use of web 2.0 for information sharing) Sub Questions What is CRM and what it means to retail organizations? The use of Information Technology in a retail outlet? Opportunities and risks of web 2.0 to a retail organization and the ways in which it can be handled to gain completive advantage over other competitors? How can retail organisation like ASDA, can incorporate information technology in to the business to improve its customer relationship management? The CRM models that can guide to build successful leading retail businesses. Aims and Objective Based on the research done on the retail outlet such as ASDA were customer relationship management plays a key role in its survival. With the current technological advancement the Information technology plays a key role. With such requirements, I found that web 2.0 is very popular between everyone. And to relate it to more practical scenario, I decided to do a research on how this can be successfully put in to practice for the improvement of information sharing. Further, customer Management, which plays a key role in those companies and to find a better method to improve the customer Management through the information sharing with the new technology like web 2.0. And also in this internet age everything done via web applications and therefore the Web 2.0 plays a key role in the future development of Business like retail outlets were customer uses internet to buy goods and services. Framework The related research is structured in the following way: As a primary step of the thesis undertaken, I would like to focus on the literature review to undergo a thorough study in the field of CRM to find out the risks and opportunities exist for an organization to adopt these popular tools to the improvement and productivity of the business. As a secondary step, with the knowledge gained from these studies, the survey is to be carried out in two phases. In the first phase of the survey involve designing and distributing survey questionnaires among the friends and colleges who works or shops at a retail outlet like ASDA with in UK . As a second phase of the survey involve follow up interviews with the respondents to gather further information in the relevant areas which are covered in the questionnaires. At the end the data collected through these phases are analysed to come up with some suggestions that can help the organization to attain benefits through IT. Gantt Chart It is a tool developed by Henry Gantt in 1917, to provide a simple visual representation of the task or activities that make up a research project. In this the research time scale can be divided into sub stages and each main activity can be scheduled according a time limit. The time we estimated each task is represented by the length of an associated horizontal bar, whilst the tasks start and finish times are represented on the tile line.(Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis, Adrian Thornhill, 2009) (Refer Appendix -1 -Dissertation schedule) Literature Review 2.1 Introduction about CRM. Wikipedia defines Customer relationship management (CRM) as a broadly recognized, widely-implemented strategy for managing and nurturing a companys interactions with clients and sales prospects (Wiki, 2010). CRM uses the technology is used to organize and automate business processes such as sales activities, marketing, customer service and technical support. But the ultimate goal of CRM is attract new clients, keep the existing clients happy and save cost in marketing and customer service. Many organizations build their own databases that describe about customer and their relationship with the organization that enable the management and sales people to offer products and services that suits the customer expectations. Generally the application architecture of the CRM has three important parts namely operational CRM, Analytical CRM and collaborative CRM. Operational CRM is to handle the front office business processes including customer service, marketing and sales, whereas the analytical CRM focus on analysing the customer segments based on the data collected within Operational CRM. Finally the collaborative CRM help the organization to interact with customers using all the available channels to find solution that bring all the entities together in order for the company to provide better service to its customers. The new technology inventions and the use of internet have brought new ways of doing business. The companys future success and its profitability is heavily depends on how that company treats its customers, that is why many companies including retailers invest heavily on improving the ways of doing business to improve customer satisfaction. Firms develop strategies and technologies for implementing better customer service management to be profitable in the current intensive and dynamic market environment (Pani and Venugopal, 2008). There are many current IT developments in the retail sector that can help the retailers to gain competitive advantage over its competitors. Following IT systems such as Self checkout systems, new multimedia displays, electronic shelf labelling, and fraud detection systems, U-Scan (the worlds widely used self checkout systems), Loss prevention software and Corema (helping retailers to create deliver and track loyalty programs and targeted offers and promotions) are used by many retailers to gain customer satisfaction. Further, the emerging technology like intelligent agents can be used as a tool to achieve e-CRM in internet. 2.2 Evaluation of Digital Media The rise of the internet in 90s created a new mechanism to distribute information among people. In the PC era the physical data is stored in digital form in to CDs and flash drives but, with the wide use of internet the web 2.0 technology emerged to enable two way , many to many communication via internet in the form of feedback, ideas, reviews and recommendations which encourages the participation of the interested parties. The following four developments are the crucial milestones that the internet media has gone through in the past decade. The primary development can be stated as the development of website communities that can be considered as an originator of the current time wikis and blogs, which is followed by the introduction of rich site summery (RSS) which is used to manage the frequently updated contents. The next milestone of this development process was the introduction of search engine marketing where the advertisement is returned just in time. The Googles Ad Words is one such example of this which helps many small businesses to reach many new customers. The final developments was the introduction of behavioural targeting which creates a profile based on the user history and other information to target the customers according to their preferences. (Shih,2009) 2.3 Web 2.0 The web communication technology field has emerged through different innovations. The latest revolution in this field is called Web 2.0 . It was considered as the first phase of web evolution. This concept was first identified during a conference brainstorming session between OReilly and MediaLive International. Web 2.0 doesnt have a hard defined boundary therefore, It can be simply described as a set of principles and practices that tie together a veritable solar system of sites that demonstrate some or all of those principles, at a varying distance from that core (O Reilly,2005). Finding a common definition for web 2.0 was a tedious task for the researchers. Therefore , we can come to a common understanding by analysing the definitions that are given by different researchers in this field. According to Tim OReilly: Web 2.0 is the business revolution in the computer industry caused by the move to the internet as platform, and an attempt to understand the rules for success on that new platform. Chief among those rules is this: Build applications that harness network effects to get better the more people use them. Former Vice President of Product Management at Google Adam Bosworth describes Web 2.0 as rich intelligent clients who share information across the web and deal with richer media (photos, sound, video). Although different people have different opinion about web 2.0, all of them agree that it is a better we communication platform which has the ability to harness collective intelligence, enhance the user participation and collaboration. Therefore, we all agree on the fact that it brings new cutting edge opportunity for the overall users. The second phase of the web evolution is emerging and it is called Web3.0 . During Web 1.0 era the contents are purely created by the producers for the users to share among them. But during the Web 2.0 the users have given the chance to participate equally in the content creation. Finally the Web 3.0 has brought the users more closely to the machines so that both the producers and users can create more interactive dynamic contents. Users and developers define Web 3.0 as personalization of the Web. The primary target of web 3.0 is connecting different set of data that is produced by different people in different places so that the limitations that exist in Web 2.0 can be eliminated to improve the benefits that it bring to the users (Pattal et al,2009) . 2.3.1 Characteristics of Web 2.0 Web 2.0 has created a new revolution in the field of internet technology. But still there is a big confusion exist among the experts about the nature of web 2.0. Some have the opinion that there is no significant different between web 1.0 and web 2.0 but, others believe that it is a unique and revolutionary thing. By looking at the characteristics of this technology one can agree that it is different from other technologies that are existed before. Let us look at the key characteristics which clearly differentiate web 2.0 services from earlier technologies :(Chaffey, 2009) Network as platform: Unlike web 1.0, the web 2.0 has the ability to run the software application through the browsers with out installing it locally. Here the network act as a platform which host those applications. Rich user experience and open culture: One of the key benefits of web 2.0 is that,, it allow the reuse of the contents that are contributed by the others which encourage the people to share their knowledge to create an open culture .This freedom in knowledge sharing will encourage the user participation that can create a collective intelligence which can be beneficial to the company as well as to the society as a whole. Always beta: One of the key feature of web 2.0 is a continuous improvement . The services are constantly updated to improve the functionalities that are available in those services. Scalability: Wiki defines scalability as a desirable property of a system, a network, or a process, which indicates its ability to either handle growing amounts of work in a graceful manner. It also a key feature of web 2.0 that make it more efficient than its predecessors. Tagging: Rather than having to rely on use of formal classification systems (which may not be meaningful to many users) tags can be created by users. The tags, which may also be meaningful to their peers, provide communal ways of accessing Web resources. Embedding: Many examples of Web 2.0 services allow the content to be embedded in third party Web sites, blogs, etc. User interactive: Web 2.0 sites uses latest response technologies like AJAX , CSS in their sites which make them more user attractive and the use of these technologies make the website more dynamic which can incorporate more information in a given space. Simple design: Most of the Web 2.0 applications like social networking sites, photo sharing sites like Flicker etc are focused on single purpose which makes the users to understand the system quickly and the simple design enhance the usability of the system. 2.3.2 Web 2.0 Applications Web 2.0 contains variety of services and tools that enable the people to learn, communicate , and access information effectively. Here are some of the popular tools and services that are used to facilitate the collaboration among the users(Virkus,2008): del.icio.us: Users can bookmark their favourite sites and can share that with other users. RSS: RSS stands for really simple syndication feeds. RSS feed give a typical way of updating the wide range of web users with the list of headlines, notices and the most current information that are updated automatically by the publisher. (Myhill et al, 2009). Open access repositories: It provides a new way of publishing so that information is available for the large range of interested audience specially it is usefull in assessing research where the researchers need high level of publicity. (Myhill et al, 2009) Blogs: Herring et al defines the Blog as, frequently modified web pages in which dated entries are listed in reverse chronological order and he specify that it can create a close connectivity among the bloggers who are linked with each other to comment on each others blogs . Also, a blog can function as an online journal which is written by individual or by a group of people , and the people who has the common interest can use the blogs as a tool to share , reflect and debate about this common topic within the community of practice (Baumer et al,2008) Podcasts and Video blogs: Geoghegan and Klass define podcasting as audio content available on the Internet that can be automatically delivered to your computer or MP3 player. The core of the podcasting is of creating audio or video contents for the audience in order for them to listen to it whenever that is convenient for them. The convenience in acquiring these contents relieve the users from the time spent on searching and downloading, and they can utilize this time on something more beneficial for the company. The most current developments in portable information like the iPod and smart phones have increased the popularity of podcasting among young professionals (Ractham and Zhang, 2006). The information relevant to any tasks undertaken by the employees is essential for them to complete them successfully. Therefore accessing the information with less effort will motivate the employees to accomplish their task with less cost. Through podcasting the relevant information like latest conferences regarding the current technologies and developments can be made available to the IT professionals, for them to access the task relevant information which will help them complete their tasks more efficiently with no rejection. 2.4 Enterprise 2.0 The enterprise social software is a very important component of enterprise 2.0 also known as ERP 2.0. It is social software that is used by the organizations to manage their internal and external communication. According to Carl Frappaolo and Dan Keldsen the Enterprise 2.0 can be defined as a system of web-based technologies that provide rapid and agile collaboration, information sharing, emergence and integration capabilities in the extended enterprise.(Wiki,2009). Generally the Web 2.0 refers to the technologies that are used to share information via internet, but the term Enterprise 2.0 is a specialized version of Web 2.0 which focus only on those platforms that companies can buy or build in order to make visible the practices and outputs of their knowledge workers. The technologies of Enterprise 2.0 such as search, links, authoring, tags and extensions provide an easy usability for the knowledge worker and it consist tools that can the help the knowledge work emerge from the workers which is an essential source for the productivity of the company.( McAfee, 2006). Over the years the initial novelty stage of Enterprise 2.0 has passed successfully by learning new things lessons through the challenges faced. Now the new practical focus is emerged on creating and managing of business communities, finding ways to deliver measurable business value and learning best ways through collaboration and social software. Many organizations are implementing enterprise 2.0 for their business which includes the components like enterprise social networking, wikis, and social CRM which can bring the potential benefits. (Hinchcliffe, 2009) . Research Design and Methodology 3.1 Introduction The research can give different meaning to different people. But simply research can be defined as a process of finding solutions to a problem after a thorough study and analysis of the situational factors( Sekaran and Bougie, 2003) . Any research can be categorised as academic or business research. The academic research is performed on scholar purpose which is not client oriented whereas, the business research is performed to investigate a specific problems in the work setting which are client oriented. The business research can be further classified as exploratory, descriptive and casual research based on the purpose of the research. The exploratory research is conducted to find out about any business opportunities, whereas the descriptive research is to describe the characteristics of people, groups, organizations or environments. But the purpose of casual research is to identify the cause and effect relationships. (Zikmund,2010) 3.2 Research process or Research methodology The research methodology or research process is influenced by the purpose of the research undertaken. Therefore it is very crucial to select an appropriate research process to attain successful results at the completion of the project. The study undertaken here follows a cyclic research process that contains a sequence of highly interrelated activities. As shown in the below figure, any research is started by selecting a research topic from the subject area related to your degree. Then further information has to be gathered about the topic by searching the literature of previous studies and other sources. Using the information gathered the general interest has to be narrowed down to a particular research problem that can be used to define the research questions. The next important step in the research process is the research design which starts with the research paradigm which is the framework that guides the research. After designing the research the relevant data should be collected using different data collection methods. According to the research paradigm the collected data should be analysed and presented in the thesis at the end of the research process. Choose a topic and search the Literature Review the literature and define the research problem /Research questions Design the research and write the proposal Collect the research data Analyse and interpret the research data Write the dissertation , thesis or research report Figure 3.1: Overview of Research process, Source: (Collis and Hussey,2009) 3.3 Research Approach The research process can be compared to a map, because there is no single right path that can be defined for a journey. The path one wants to take depends on where he wants to go and the resources that are allocated. Accordingly the research process that needs to be followed depends on the research undertaken and the resources and the time allocated to the specific project. (Zikmund, 2010) 3.4 Data collection methods Data collection methods are an important part of research design. The data that are collected during the research can be categorized as primary and secondary data. Primary data can be collected through the data collection methods like interviews and questionnaires whereas the secondary data can be gathered through books , periodicals ,government publications , media and company annual report. The time and cost can be saved through the use of secondary data but totally rely on the secondary data can have a risk of being obsolete (Sekaran and Bougie, 2010). 3.4.1 Interviewing Interviewing is one of the popular methods of collecting relevant data of the research undertaken. According to Kahn and Cannel the Interview can be defined as a discussion between two or more people. Interviews can be used to collect valid and reliable data which are relevant to the identified research questions and the objectives of the project. Interviews can be categorized as structured, semi structured or unstructured. Unstructured interviews dont contain any planned set of questions to be asked from the respondents. This will help to bring out some preliminary issues to the surface. Semi structured interviews are more flexible than the structured ones where the researcher got a theme of questions which can vary from one interview to the other. Finally the structured interviews are formal interviews which have identical standardized questions. A comprehensive study of CRM, CRM tools, Web2, ERP, and the importance of CRM in a retail outlet were carried through a literature survey. Questionnaire survey and interviews has been selected for the research methodology to conduct the selected research. The data that were collected through the questionnaires and interviews are recorded and the analysed under different criteria. At the end of the project time line, the findings of the research undertaken were presented in the final dissertation.

The Euro Essay examples -- essays papers

The Euro To most people in the United States hearing the word Euro brings about blank stares. Ask this same question in England or another European country and it means bringing Europe together under one common currency. The Euro can be defined as the common monetary system by which the participating members of the European Community will trade. Eleven countries Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Ireland, Austria, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Finland and Italy will comprise the European Economic Monetary Union that will set a side their national currency and adopt the Euro in 2002. A new National bank, based in Frankfurt Germany, will be constructed and the interest rates that control the economies of these nations will be in the hands of this new system. It is indeed a great experiment, being masterminded in Frankfurt, one that will be felt through out Europe as well as the rest of the world.1 The combined countries, now more commonly referred to as Euroland, will fall under one national bank. This bank, the European Central Bank, will determine the economic fate of the entire â€Å"Union†. The merging of eleven currencies is a daunting and somewhat lethal task. The ECB is comprised of seventeen members, each having one vote within the governing council. What has most Europeans concerned is the ECB’s secrecy of conducting business. There is no voting record nor will there be published minutes of the meeting that take place. Wim Duisenberg president of the ECB and a native Dutchman stated that he wanted the ECB to be one of the most open banks in the world.1 When BBC reporter Steve Levinson confronted him about this in Frankfurt Germany Wim replied I reconcile these two positions by not defining openness as publishing everything that will be available, but by defining openness as explaining every decision, every consideration. Also the pros and cons and to be very open about that and to be frequent and immediate in that openness. (Livinston, Euroland 3) Why does the ECB operation so much secrecy? Is does not want economic policy moved by political influence. In January of this year the Bank of Ireland became a regional branch of the ECB. Morris O’Connell, its governor, supports the ECB’s tight lips stating I don’t think it’s appropriate that you should be announcing how each person may have voted. I think you’re creating other p... ...ause they cannot gauge the governing council’s true thinking. The fourth concern of the implementation of a solitary currency in Europe is that of who is in control?4 Officially the ECB is independent and answers to no political nation. But can one council possibly have the ability to control and balance eleven different economies at the same time? Some say no, but if it can even succeed only a little bit what is good for one economy may not be good for another. This leads into the final concern: Does one economy fit all? When the economy is in the basement the first thing that politicians ask for is a cut in interest rates. In the beginning this may give the desired results but in the long run may entirely destroy an economy. It becomes macroeconomics versus microeconomics.4 What is good for the economy as a whole may not be good for every sector and region. What one can conclude by the scheme of things that the Euro is going to happen. What the out come will be and what effects it will have towards the economic world can only be speculated. The entire world will be watching as the largest economic experiment of our time unfolds before in front of us half way around the world.

budget deficit Essay -- essays research papers fc

"It's time to clean up this mess." Famous last words heard from the mouths of many different politicians when talking about the national debt and the budget deficit. Our debt is currently $4.41 trillion and we have a budget deficit of around $300 billion and growing. Our government now estimates that by the year 2002 the debt will be $6.507 Trillion. While our politicians talk of balancing the budget, not one of them has proposed a feasible plan to start paying down the debt. In the early days of our government debt was considered to be a last resort. In 1790, when Alexander Hamilton, as secretary of the Treasury, made his first report on the national debt of the United States, he estimated it at close to $70 million. After alternately rising and falling, the debt stood at only $4 million, or 21 cents per capita, in 1840. That was the lowest point ever reached by the public debt of the U.S. After 1840 it rose to a peak, in the last year of the Civil War, of almost $2.68 bil lion and a per capita figure of $75.01. The only justification for debt of any significant amount was a war. By 1900 this had been reduced to under $1 Billion. By 1919, the end of World War I, the debt had climbed to $25.5 Billion. In each of the following years the debt was reduced, and by 1930 stood at $18.1 Billion. With the collapse of Wall Street in 1929, the country (debt history: 1850 to 1950) fell into the Great Depression, which lasted until 1940. At that time the debt had climbed to $51 Billion. By the end of World War II the debt was $269 Billion. Again the government worked to reduce the debt, and by 1949 it was $252.7 Billion. At that point the Korean War started, sending the debt to $274 Billion by 1955. Since then, there has been no serious effort to pay down the debt. The main point to be made was that on three separate occasions a major debt reduction effort had been made, but in the past 55 years in spite of much arm waving there have been no similar results. The U.S. debt is divided into two major kinds of loans, marketable and no marketable. The former provides about 52 percent of the total and is made up of bills, notes, and bonds that can be traded; the latter includes U.S. savings bonds, foreign-government-owned securities, and government account securities that are redeemable but not tradable. Maturity of this debt ranges from less than a year to o... ... BIBLIOGRAPHY www.census.gov/foreign-trade/top/dst/2004 and 2003 and 2002/deficit.html The Cost of Borrowing. The Economist; Dec 15, 2004 Gale, William G. and Orszag, Peter R. The US Budget Deficit: On an Unsustainable Path. New Economy, Dec 2004. Gramlich, Gov Edward M., speech to the Isenberg School of Management Seminar Series, Amherst, Massachusetts, May 14, 2004; www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches/2004/20040225/default.htm Griswold, Daniel T., Associate Director, Center for Trade Policy Studies, The Cato Institute, July 22 1998; www.freetrade.org/pubs/speeches/ct-dg072298.html www.investorwords.com/601/Deficit.html; WebFinance, Inc., 1997-2005 www.investorwords.com/5020/trade_deficit.html; WebFinance, Inc., 1997-2005 Eisner, Robert. How Real is the Federal Deficit? New York, The Free Press, 1986. Federal Reserve System. World Book Encyclopedia. Vol. 7, 67-68, 1988. Rukeyser, Louis. What's Ahead for the Economy: The Challenge and the Change. New York, Simon and Schuster, 1983. Segalstad, Eric V. Determinants of the Interest Rate. October, 1997. Sims, C., Comparison of Interwar and Post-War Business Cycles: Monetarism Reconsidered. American Economic Review, 1980.

How Can Assistive Technology Benefit Preschool Special Education Studen

How Can Assistive Technology Benefit Preschool Special Education Students? The inclusion of special needs children with typically developing peers has become a key service option in preschool special education classrooms (Odom, 2000). Benefits abound, yet inclusion does not present without challenges. Young children with disabilities find it complicated to interact with objects and peers due to obstacles that their disabilities present. A child unable to speak too often goes unheard. Students with limited movement are frequently unable to participate in activities with peers. How can young children with disabilities achieve some degree of independence so that they may interact in their environments without reliance on others? Assistive technology (AT) can help young children with disabilities fully participate in natural, inclusive learning environments (Sadao & Robinson, 2010). Through the use of AT devices, even the youngest of children are provided opportunities for developmentally appropriate play, movement and communication. In this paper, I will talk about the use of assistive technology to promote young children's participation in preschool learning opportunities. Furthermore, I will discuss a few of the many potential benefits of AT when used within the preschool special education classroom, including: opportunities for play, movement, and communication. IDEA defines assistive technology as "any item, piece of equipment, or product system whether acquired commercially of the shelf, modified or customized, that is used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities." (Individuals with Disabilities Education ACT (IDEA) 20, USC, Chapter 33, Section 1401 (25) US). According ... ...stive technology and how is it used in schools? Retrieved March 25, 2012, from www.sc.edu/scatp/cdrom/atused.html Technical Assistance ALLIANCE for Parent Centers. (2006). Assistive technology for infants, toddlers, and young children with disabilities. Minneapolis, MN: PACER Center University at Buffalo Center for Assistive Technology. (2000). Playing with switches: Birth through two. Retrieved March 23, 2012 from http://letsplay.buffalo.edu/toys/playing-with-switches/playing-with-switches.htmf Wilcox, J., (1999) Assistive technology and early childhood education. Journal of Special Education Technology, 28(3), 63-78 Wilds, M. L. (1989). Effective use of technology with young children. NICHCY News Digest, 13,6-7. Willis, C. (2009). Creating inclusive learning environments for young children: what to do on Monday morning. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Corwin Press.

Tda 2.3 Communication and Profesionalrelationshipswith Children and Young People

Introduction In this assignment I will be discussing the different way we communicate with children, young people and other adults. Also, how to deal with disagreements between children and adults. And looking at how we speak and communicate with people and the benefits it has Task 1 Children and young people Describe how to establish respectful, professional relationships with children and young people It’s most important that first of all you talk to a child or young person that is at a level that is appropriate to their age.Making sure that you come across as calm caring and approachable person, who is also willing to listen to what they have to say and making them feel that what they have to say is also important. Also setting out mutual ground rules so you both know what is expected from each other so there is no confusion from either side.And simple things like learning a person’s name and pronouncing it correctly, being alert to their feeling, giving time to pupi ls as an individual and using lots of positive and encouraging words when speaking to children and young people. Describe with examples how to behave appropriately for a child or young person’s stage of development When communicating with children or young people you need to make sure you are communicating at a level that is at their â€Å"age related† stage of their development.But keeping in mind that children and young people mature and develop at different stages, and children with â€Å"special needs† may need more help from different professions to assess their development stage. Children in foundation and key stage 1 these pupils are still developing their language and communication skills so it’s important that when we speak to them we get down to their level so we are not towering over them which may be intimidating to small children.When communicating with small children its important you have their undivided attention as they have a limited att ention span a good way of making sure they have understood what you have been speaking about is to get them to relay the information back to you that way you know they have understood this is also a good way to asses there development stage as well. When they become upset or hurt we can put are arm around them to comfort them. We should be enthusiastic when asking them to do things or learn something, this will encourage them to give it a go, and ots of smiles at them are reassuring Key stages 2 By this stage children have a better understanding on how to communicate with their peers and other adults. It’s important that we listen and talk to them at their own level, not talking down at them and make eye contact. We mustn’t talk over them or be sarcastic and we should be positive about what is being said. Now that the children are a little bit older we should encourage them to take pride in their work and the things they do. Key Stage 3 and 4Now that the children are o lder they will be able to communicate effectively with others, we can behave by talking at their level and not talking down to them this may make young people feel intimidated or belittle. It’s also important to set some mutual ground rules so they know what is excepted of them and what the consequences for misbehaving will be make sure you are very clear of what you expect. If they are upset or hurt be sympathetic to their feeling and needs, we can also offer advice and guidance if appropriate.For those children that may be disruptive or not listening, try to encourage them to participate more or remind them what is expected of them Describe how to deal with disagreements between children and young people Some disagreements between children depending on their age they may be able to solve between themselves, but for those that can’t it’s important that we stay neutral and not take any sides. When managing a disagreement it’s important we go back to the b eginning where the argument started and give each child a chance to tell their side of the story.It’s important that the pupil feels they have been heard and acknowledged. It’s also important that the children discuss how the situation has made them feel and possibly give them the chance to come up with a solution themselves on how the disagreement could be resolved. For arguments that maybe more serious it could be advised that the children involved are separated from others and given time out to calm and think about what has happened, we must also encourage children to understand and respect other peoples feeling and emotions.Then we need to work out whether any apologies are required or further steps need to be taken. Describes how own behaviour could: -promote effective interaction with children and young people Children often lead by example, so we must lead the way by showing them how to, with good communication skills, using appropriate language and being a good , positive role model. Encourage children to make the right decision when needed. Always set boundaries so they know what to expect and what is also expected of them.Show them respect and use genuine praise, and build confidence and trust. -impact negatively on interaction with children and young people If you look at some of the opposites that I have talked about above such as bad or low communication this may cause a barrier between you and the pupils which will prevent you hearing and seeing what they won’t or what they are doing. Using inappropriate language they may pick it up and start using it, criticing, teasing, belittling or disregarding their efforts will lower their self-esteem and confidents .Always mean what u say, don’t break trust or confidence as they will feel like you can’t protect or help them. Adults Describe how to establish respectful, professional relationships with adults To establish a respectful professional relationship it’s im portant that we communicate well and offer each other help and support where needed. â€Å"You should use language that other adults (including parents/carers, colleagues, volunteers or students) are likely to understand, avoid using jargon or technical language unless you are sure they understand its meaning. (T Kamen 2010 pg. 71) Whether you are speaking to a colleague, parent/carer or someone from another profession it’s important that you are practical, you may be working with someone who is unfamiliar to the surroundings or need help to find things, also make sure you are informative, you may need to give information and support to someone regarding an issue or situation they know nothing about, act in a professional manner by demonstrating personal courtesy and integrity it’s never appropriate to â€Å"gossip† .Being Emotional have a sense of humour where appropriate being caring and understanding to peoples situation. Developing and promoting good effect ive relationships with the people you work with helps to maintain a positive learning environment for pupils, parents/carers and also staff. Describe the importance of adult relationships as role models for children and young people It’s common for children to copy and model the attitudes, behaviour and actions of adults around them.It’s important that people working with children then understand the impact they can make on a child’s social and emotional development. Being a good role model means we should use good positive and encouraging communication skills, speak to others in a manner we wish to be spoken to, be friendly helpful and considerate to other people. Work cooperatively, take turns to speak not over the top of other and show the importance of sharing.The more we show this through our own interaction and relationships with other adults the more likely children will realise what a guild line is to appropriate socially acceptable behaviour. Task 2 Des cribe how communication with children and young people differs across different age ranges and stages of development Young children in foundation stage and key stage 1 age this age will still be developing the language and communication skills and will need to be reminded to take it in turns when speaking and reminded of the importance of listening to others.When talking to young children it’s important that we speak clearly, slowly and use words that aren’t too big that they won’t understand, it’s important that we check that they have understood what we have said by asking questions and asking them to repeat what we have said. By the time children get to key stage 2 they are starting to mature in the way they communicate with their peers and their teachers. Pupils by this stage have a better understanding of how to communicate and will be less self-centre and more considerate of others.You may need to remind some children about waiting for their turn to speak this may be down to immaturity or possibly their personalities. Also by this stage they will understand bigger words but may still need the meaning of some words explained. By the time they get to key stage 3/4 young people my become more self-conscious about speaking in front of others and be embarrassed easily, it’s important that we give lots of time to prepare and plan for these things and loads of encouragement along the way.Also by this stage they may be using lots of alternative ways of communicating with their peers and other adults such as phone texting, email and possibly social networks. Young people by now will have a good understanding of formal and informal language, and know how to communicate better with people and have a good use of more complexed words. Within each of these different stages you may be asked to work with children with special educational need, where you may have to adapt your communication skills further to meet their independent needs and abilities.Describe the main differences between communicating with adults and communicating with children and young people There are many similar communication skills we use that are the same when dealing with adults and children such as remaining eye contact, responding to what they’re saying, treating them with respect and courtesy, and also using non-verbal communication such as smiling or nodding. When speaking with children it’s important to encourage good communication skills by demonstrating this so we need to communicate clearly, concise and at a level that is equivalent to their age and needs.Make sure you are actively listening and positive responding, offering praise and encourage, or support if need. But when speaking to adults are language is more complex but must be on a professional level, we must also respect other people’s ideas and thoughts even if you’re not sure about them. We may even use different ways of communicating such as t exts, emails, notices or letters. Always comply with policies regarding confidentiality, sharing information and data protection.And also avoid assumptions regarding a person or a situation, Identify examples of communication difficulties they may exist There are many different reasons for communication difficulties which I have listed some below Individuals with special educational needs Age barriers Low or poor communication Hearing impairment Different values or beliefs External factors Opposite expectations Lack of confidence/ self-esteem Speech and language difficulties Bilingual Visual impairedDescribe how to adapt communication to meet different communication needs You may need to adapt your way of communication in order to meet the needs of the person you are speaking to, depending on the age and experience of the person you are dealing with, the context of the conversation and the communication needs of the individual . When communicating with people with earing impairment / deaf, medical problems, special educational needs, poor vision or blind it’s important that we speak clearly, appropriately and slow are speech if necessary, use visual aids such as pictures photography and flash cars. Maintain good eye contact and positive body language. For someone who is hearing impaired or deaf, be sure you face the person so they can lip read or use sign language if you know it.Also if dealing with a visual impaired child make sure you address them by name so they know you are speaking to them, and those with some vision sit them at the front of the class so they have a better chance of seeing you and the board â€Å"It is possible that you will adapt the way you communicate with them without even realising that you are doing it, we often change the way we react to others depending on the way in which they react to us† (L Burnham, B Baker 2010 pg. 49) Describe how to deal with disagreements between the practitioner and children and young people The first thing to remember is never get into an argument with a child or young person you must stay professional and calm at all times. It could be useful to explain to the child what you expect and how their behaviour is unacceptable and why it’s not appropriate but acknowledge that here is a problem and be understanding to their feelings. If the problem starts to escalate you may need to walk away and ask for advice or help from a 3rd party.If you are a bystander you may need to intervene and offer assistants or advice on the situation or report what you have seen depending on the seriousness of the situation -the practitioner and other adults I think one of the most important things to remember If you find yourself in a disagreement with another adult is not to let the situation escalate. â€Å"where there are areas of conflict with other adults ,you will need to show sensitivity an try and resolve the problem as soon as possible, the longer a problem is allowed to go on , the more difficult it will be to put right† (L Burnham, B Baker 2010 pg. 6) So it’s important that individuals involved take time out together to discuss the issue openly and honestly and work out how it may be resolved, as adults we can misread or perceive information wrongly an even just miscommunicate with each other by talking about the issue these confusions can be quickly rectified , It’s hard to work efficiently and effective if the atmosphere you are working in is full of tension or bad feelings. If the disagreement cannot be resolve between yourselves you may need to involve a mediator to offer advice or help on how things can be resolved.If by this stage you cannot resolve the issue the school will have a grievance procedure to then follow this will then usually require you to put the issue or concerns in writing and your line manager and head teacher being involved. For serious conflict issues that cannot be resolve you may need to seek help from the school governors or the local authorities Task 3 Identify relevant legal requirements and procedures covering confidentiality, data protection and the disclosure of informationWithin school we are require to gather a variety of information regarding children and young people from medical or health issues, Personal information, records from other schools and many other things too, all the information that we gather is protected by the data protection Act 1998 the principles regarding this legislation is that all information collected can only be used for the purpose it was collected for, must be protected and stored securely, relevant. Information mustn’t be kept longer than necessary and must be accurate.Information collected regarding issues under the Every Child Matters Act 2004 which will look further into the safeguarding an welfare of children once again this information is confidential and will only be used and shared on a need to know bases its important that we know when and when not to share information. You are entitled to see all information that has been collected only about yourself â€Å"your right to know† this is covered by the Freedom of Information Act 2000.Describe the importance of reassuring children, young people and adults of the confidentiality of shard information and the limits of this It’s important that we reassure children, young people and adults that information about them is kept confidential, safe and only be used where and when necessary and only for the duration required, we must reassure them this to maintain their trust and security, Parents/carers and colleagues may hare certain information with you regarding a child to help you understand any particular needs that the child may have all information given to you must be kept confidential. It s their right to privacy that this information is kept confidential and not passed on for others to talk and gossip about as this will also break their trust and make them feel betrayed. Children and young people also need to know that their information is kept confidential and won’t put them at risk of being teased or bullied.Adults also need the peace of mind that the information regarding their child or family isn’t going to become the talk of the playground. There may be times when you need to share information that you have collected but this must only be on a â€Å"need to know basis† with your other colleagues, In most cases parental consent is necessary before sharing information with other professional bodies that may be working with a child, although the school does have a legal obligation to share information if they think there may be a risk to a child.If you are going to pass on any confidential information then it is important that you tell the person you are going to do so and explain to them the reasons why and with whom. Identify the kinds of situations when confidentiality protocols must be breached Con fidentiality protocols may need to be breeched on such occasions, if you suspect a child is being abused, harmed or in danger.We must also break these protocols if a child discloses to you that they are being abused in any way, but it’s important that you tell the individual that you may not be able to maintain confidentiality if they disclose something to you, you should never promise to keep a† secret† but reassure them that information will only be shared for their own safety and wellbeing and only with those that need to know about it. We must always remember that the safety and welfare of a child must always come first and that we follow he correct protocols regarding the breach of confidentiality. the law allows the disclosure of confidential personal information in order to safeguard a child or children† (T Kamen 2010 pg. 54) Confidentiality may also be breeched if you know of a criminal offensive that has happened. Bibliography Teena Kamen -2010 Teac hing Assistant’s Handbook level 2 Abingdon, Oxon – Hodder Education Louise Burnham and Brenda Baker -2010 Supporting Teaching and Learning in Schools Harlow, Essex – Heinemann Teena Kamen – 2008 Teaching Assistants Handbook Abingdon, Oxon – Hodder Eduation